Apple Power Macintosh 4400 Bedienungsanleitung

IpartChapter 1 Getting StartedChapter 2 Getting HelpChapter 3 Connecting Equipment and Expanding Your ComputerChapter 4 Installing and Using Applicati

Connecting the monitor cableAfter you plug in the monitor power cord, you connect the monitor cable tothe computer’s monitor port.To connect the monit

m If the problem recurs, you may need to reinstall system software. See“Installing or Reinstalling System Software” later in this chapterfor instructi

Check the startup disk and program you were using when the problemoccurred. Make sure that all programs, desk accessories, and systemextensions you’re

m The keyboard is damaged.If you have access to another keyboard, try using it instead. (Turn thecomputer off before connecting it.) If the new keyboa

The Energy Saver control panel continuously displays and dismisses dialog boxes as ifyou had pressed the Return key during a scheduled shutdown or a s

You see a message that your computer doesn’t have enough memory to start anapplication or open a document.You can make more memory available to run yo

If a DOS document is displayed incorrectly, or you see strange codes orcharacters in the document, try one of the following:m See the information that

Solutions to CD-ROM problemsProblems using the CD-ROM driveThe CD-ROM drive icon does not appear on screen.m Make sure the Apple CD-ROM extension is t

The tray of your CD-ROM drive won’t open.If a CD-ROM disc icon appears on your screen:m Drag the disc icon to the Trash, or select it and choose Put A

Problems using CD-ROM discsYou insert a CD-ROM disc, but its icon doesn’t appear on the Macintosh desktop. m Make sure that the disc label is facing u

Your CD-ROM disc is vibrating in the CD-ROM drive.m Some CD-ROM disc labels have artwork that is noticeably thicker on oneside than the other, which c

Connecting the mouse and keyboard1Plug the mouse cable into the recessed port on the back of the keyboard.The plug and the port are marked with the V

Problems using ISO 9660 or High Sierra discsYou cannot access files on a CD-ROM disc that uses the ISO 9660 or High Sierra format.m Discs in the ISO 9

You are unable to record sound from an audio CD.You may need to reset the sound options in a sound control panel. Refer to the“Sound” topic area of Ma

If your computer’s performance decreasesIf you notice a decrease in your computer’s speed and general performanceand you often use networks, connect t

m Drag special software items out of the System Folder or remove thempermanently. (The special software may be in the Control Panels orExtensions fold

If you have an Apple printer, you need to determine which printer driver toreinstall—the one that came on a floppy disk with your printer or the drive

m testing the disk with an application called Drive Setupm repairing any problems detected by Drive Setup by using Disk First Aid(or another disk repa

How to verify and test a diskThe Drive Setup and Disk First Aid applications are used to verify and testdisks. They can be found on the CD-ROM disc th

4 In the list of drives, click the disk you want to test.5 Open the Functions menu and choose Test Disk.6When a message tells you that testing is comp

3Click the icon of the disk you want to repair.Disk icons appear in a box at the top of the Disk First Aid window.4Click Repair to begin testing and r

Initializing a hard diskYou may never need to initialize a hard disk. This section helps youdetermine whether you need to initialize your hard disk an

3Plug the keyboard cable into the port marked with the Vicon on the back of the computer.Some monitors have a port to which you can connect the keyboa

Starting up from a CD-ROM discTo i n i tia lize, test, or repair a hard disk, or to install system software on a harddisk, you need to start up your c

Starting up from a floppy diskTo i n i tia lize, test, or repair a hard disk, or to install system software on a hard disk, you need to start up your

How to initialize a hard diskYou initialize a hard disk by using a program called Drive Setup, which is onthe CD-ROM disc that contains system softwar

4Click Initialize.5Click Quit when you see a message reporting that initialization was successful.If a message reports that initialization failed, try

When should you reinstall system software?If you have a problem with your system software, you may see this icon in themiddle of the screen:If this ic

After Disk First Aid starts, follow the instructions on the screen. Disk FirstAid checks your hard disk for any problems.3When Disk First Aid has fini

11 Make sure that the hard disk named in the Destination Disk box is the one on which youwant to install system software.If it isn’t, click Switch Dis

Do a clean installation if you can’t determine what is damaged in your SystemFolder (especially if you think any special software, such as control pan

9 Start up your computer from the CD-ROM disc that contains system software.See “Starting Up From a CD-ROM Disc” in the section “Initializing a HardDi

13 Click the Install New System Folder button and click OK.The Easy Install dialog box appears. The Install button has changed to CleanInstall, and th

Turning th e computer on for the first timeTo tur n t h e computer on for the first time, follow these steps:1 Turn on the monitor.See the informati

Replacing your special softwareSpecial software consists of items such as control panels, system extensions,custom utilities, fonts, or Apple Menu Ite

3Choose Custom Install from the pop-up menu.The Custom Install dialog box appears, listing all available systemsoftware components.4Scroll through the

8 Restart your Macintosh.The system software is installed and your computer is ready to use. Don’tforget to eject the CD-ROM disc containing system so

2Click OK.The Easy Install dialog box appears.3Choose Custom Install from the pop-up menu.The Custom Install dialog box appears, listing all available

8 Restart your Macintosh.The CD-ROM software is reinstalled and your computer is ready to use.Don’t forget to eject the CD-ROM disc containing system

IIIpartAppendix A Health, Safety, and Maintenance TipsAppendix B Installing Expansion Cards and Additional MemoryAppendix C Special Keys on Your Keybo

137For your own safety and that of your equipment, follow all the instructions inthis chapter. Keep these instructions available for reference by you

Musculoskeletal discomfortAs with any activity that involves sitting for long periods of time, using acomputer can make your muscles sore and stiff. T

Eye fatigueEye fatigue can occur whenever the eyes are focused on a nearby object for along time. This problem occurs because the eye muscles must wor

3Check to see what’s on your screen.You see a sequence of messages describing what is happening, followed bythe Energy Saver dialog box.m If you see a

You may have to raise your chair so your forearms and hands are at theproper angle to the keyboard. If this makes it impossible to rest your feetflat

Avoiding fatiguem Change your seated position, stand up, or stretch whenever you start to feeltired. Frequent short breaks are helpful in reducing fat

Safety instructionsFor your own safety and that of your equipment, always take thefollowing precautions.Tur n off the computer completely and disconne

Handling your computer equipmentFollow these guidelines for handling your computer and its components:m When setting up your computer, place component

Handling the monitorFollow these procedures for handling a monitor:m Make sure that the ventilation openings on the computer and the monitorare clear

Handling floppy disksEjecting a diskFor instructions on ejecting a floppy disk, a CD-ROM disc, or a removablemedia disk, see the “Disks” topic area of

Handling compact discsKeep these important safety instructions in mind as you use compact discs(such as CD-ROM discs, audio CDs, and Photo CDs):m Hold

Other important safety instructions to keep in mind as you use yourCD-ROM drive:m Position your computer so that when the tray opens, it doesn’t bump

Cleaning your equipmentFollow these general rules when cleaning the outside of your computer andits components:m Use a damp, soft, lint-free cloth to

2 Turn the mouse upside-down and turn the plastic ring on the bottom counterclockwiseto disengage it.If the mouse is locked, see the next section, “Lo

m If, when you press Return, you see the Macintosh desktop (shown here),your system software is already set up correctly.Skip now to the section, “Wha

Locking and unlocking the mouseSome mouse devices can be locked so that the ball can’t be removed. Alocking mouse has a small hole on the plastic ring

To unlock the mouse, follow these steps:1 Insert a straightened paper clip into the hole on the plastic ring.2Press down on the paper clip while you t

153This appendix provides information about expansion cards and memory(including an optional cache), and explains how to install them.Installing an ex

m one slot in which you can install a communication card such as an Ethernetcard or modem card. This expansion slot and the cards that fit in it areof

About memoryYou can have memory—dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), videomemory, or a cache—added to your computer in packages called Dual InlineMemo

You can increase your computer’s DRAM to a maximum of 160 MB byhaving an Apple-authorized dealer or service provider remove the preinstalledDRAM DIMM

Cache configurationsA High Performance Module (256K level 2 cache) provides an overallincrease in your computer’s performance. You can add a cache by

4 Remove the cover as pictured below.Lift the cover off the computer.While firmly grasping the back of the computer, push in on the rear panel with yo

5 To discharge static electricity from your body that could damage the components insidethe computer, touch the metal power supply case inside the com

Problems starting up?If the screen is dark, check these items to see if you can identify the problem:m Is the computer turned on? The power-on light o

What you do next depends on whether you’re installing an expansion card, ora memory, video, or cache DIMM. Skip to the section that pertains to the it

1If your PCI card has ports for connecting equipment, remove the port cover.6.88-inch cards fit in the top slot; a 6.88-inch or 12.28-inch card fits i

2 Remove the PCI card from its static-proof bag.Hold the card by its edges to avoid touching any of its connectors.3Insert the PCI card into the PCI s

4 Reinstall the screw you removed from the port cover earlier.5If you have a communication card, memory or video DIMMs, or a cache DIMM to install,ref

Note: In order to leave your communication slot available for an Ethernetcard, use an external modem rather than installing an internal modem card.(An

To i n s t a ll a communication card, follow these steps:1 To install a communication card in the bottommost slot, you may find it easier tomaneuver i

2 Remove the port cover for the communication card slot.Save the port cover. If you remove the card later on you’ll need to replacethe cover.Remove th

3 Install the communication card port access cover.The communication card port access cover provides an opening so you canconnect telephone or network

4 Remove the communication card from its static-proof bag.Hold the card by its edges to avoid touching its connectors.Note: If the card you are instal

If the card does not have a hook, simply pass the external connector throughthe opening in the vertical plate as shown. (Some cards have an externalco

What’s next?Yo u’ve finished setting up your computer. Continue with one of thefollowing steps:m If you are new to the Macintosh, turn to the next sec

Note: After you have finished these installation instructions and turned onyour computer, you may need to install software for your communication card

Removing a DRAM DIMMTo upgrade your computer to the maximum amount of memory, you maywant to replace the DRAM DIMM that comes preinstalled in your com

2Press down on the ejector to release the DRAM DIMM from its slot as pictured in thefollowing illustration.When the ejector releases, pull the DIMM st

Installing a DRAM DIMM1Push the ejector on the DRAM slot outward and down to open it.Your socket may have one or two ejectors.2With the ejector in the

3Push down on the DIMM until it snaps into place.The ejector automatically closes.4 Repeat steps 1–3 if you have other DRAM DIMMs to install.5If you h

2If you want to install a cache DIMM, proceed to “Installing a High Performance Module(level 2 cache DIMM),” next. If you are finished installing item

Installing a High Performance Module (level 2 cache DIMM)1Align the notches in the cache DIMM (also called a cache module)with the small ribsinside th

Closing the computer1Slip the base of the logic board into the guide rails inside the computer’s case.2 Reinsert the three cover screws you removed ea

3Plug the cables back into the computer.4 Reconnect the power cord.Your computer is now ready to turn on and use.WARNINGNever turn on your computer un

179Your computer keyboard contains certain special keys that typewriterkeyboards don’t have. Many of these keys allow you to give commands to thecompu

Learning the basicsIf you are new to the Macintosh, you should begin by looking at theeasy-to-use program called the Macintosh Tutorial. The tutorial

Special keys on Apple keyboards (continued)Control key In combination with other keys, this key provides shortcuts ormodifies other actions.Delete key

Typing special characters and symbolsYou can type a variety of international and other special symbols andcharacters (including characters with diacri

If you press the Option key, Key Caps outlines lightly the keys that you canuse in combination with letter keys to type letters with accents or otherd

Special key combinationsIf difficulties with your mouse or computer don’t allow you to use standardmethods of quitting a program or restarting your co

AAbout Apple Extras file 31accent marks, typing 183access cover for communication cardslots 47access cover for expansion slots 47ADB port. See App

AppleTalk network, configuringconnection to 81–83application icon 21, 92Application menu 20, 66, 67application programsaccidentally deleting 97App

187IndexISO 9660 format 110opening documents on,troubleshooting 109Photo CDs 111polishing kit for 109starting up from 106, 120, 183troubleshootin

Control Panels (Apple menu) (continued)Extensions Manager control panel 92,93, 183incompatible 99, 103Macintosh Easy Open control panel 92Memory co

setting up 3–32spills on 143, 144, 147turning off 27–29turning on 13–16error messages 90. Seealso troubleshootingEscape key 180Ethernet cables

3With the tip of the arrow on the question mark, press and hold down the mouse button.A list of choices (called a menu) appears. This is the Guide (h)

Hhard diskbacking up 69connecting 57–60damaged 114–118icons not appearing on desktop 97initializing 119–123location of 46rebuilding desktop on

internal hard disk. See hard diskInternet, connecting to 72ISDN network, connecting to 72ISO 9660 discs 110Kkeyboardadjusting angle of 11cleaning

modem 72modem port 46, 47Modern Memory Manager, olderMacintosh programs and 64monitor. See also screenApple PlainTalk Microphone and 53built-in mi

Photo CDshandling 146–147troubleshooting 111PlainTalk Microphone. See ApplePlainTalk MicrophonePlanning and Managing AppleTalkNetworks 72plugging in

S“sad Macintosh” icon 96safety precautions 142. See also health-related informationelectromagnetic emissions 141general precautions 142grounding p

system extensions. See also ExtensionsManager control panelincompatible 103saving 92turning off 183turning off before rebuilding desktop 92System

turning off computerwith Power key 27–28when Power key fails 29after shutdown 30with Shut Down command 28–29when Shutdown command fails 29trouble

Power MacintoshUser’s ManualIncludes setup, troubleshooting, and important health-relatedinformation for Power Macintosh 4400 series computers

K Apple Computer, Inc.© 1997 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part,

iiiCommunications regulation information viiLaser information viiiPreface Welcome to Power Macintosh ixPart I1Getting Started 3Plu

Reviewing the basicsLook at the following illustrations to review the elements you use on yourscreen to work with your computer.MenusThe strip across

Tur ning the computer off 27Tur ning the computer on 30Where to find answers 312Getting Help 33Getting answers to your questions

Part II6Troubleshooting 89When you have questions 89When you run into trouble 89Solutions to common problems 93Solutions to CD-ROM

Appendix C Special Keys on Your Keyboard 179Typi ng sp e cial characters and symbols 181Special key combinations 183Index 185viCo

Communications regulation informationFCC declaration of conformityThis device complies with part 15 of the FCC rules. Operation is subject to the foll

Industry Canada statementThis Class B device meets all requirements of the Canadian Interference-Causing equipmentregulations.Cet appareil numérique d

Congratulations on the purchase of your new Macintosh. Your computer isdesigned to give you the highest performance combined with real ease ofuse—it’s

IconsIcons are small pictures that represent disks, programs, documents, andfolders. You can double-click any icon to open it and see what it contains

Saving energy with the Energy Saver control panelWhen you save energy, you save natural resources and reduce pollution. YourPower Macintosh contains f

Putting your computer to sleepYour Power Macintosh is preset to put itself to sleep after 30 minutes ofinactivity. When your computer goes to sleep, t

Waking your computer from sleepTo wake th e co m puter from sleep, press any key on the keyboard exceptCaps Lock. (It may take a moment or two for t

Inserting a CD-ROM disc or other CDYour internal CD-ROM drive works with CD-ROM discs, standard audiocompact discs (CDs), and single-session or multis

4Close the tray by gently pushing it in or by pressing the Open/Close button.In a few moments, an icon for the disc appears on your screen.For more in

Ejecting a CD-ROM disc or other CDYou eject a CD-ROM disc or other CD with the Put Away command in theFile menu.1Close any files and quit any programs

2Press and hold down the Power key on the keyboard for about 2 seconds.The following dialog box appears on the screen:3Press the Return key on the key

If the word “Special” does not appear in the menu bar at the top of thescreen, you’re not working in the Finder, the application you need to be inwhen

The illustration on the next page shows all the equipment you will need to setup your computer and begin using it. Place your equipment on a sturdy, f

Turning th e computer onTo tur n t h e co mputer on after you’ve shut it down with either the menucommand or the keyboard, press the Power key on th

Where to find answersWhen you have questions about using your Macintosh, there are severalplaces you can look for answers.In this book Use this book t

33TheGuide menu contains online help and information and is your mainsource of information when working with your computer. The menu isidentified by a

Getting answers to your questionsWhen you have a question while working with your computer, you can get theanswer by choosing Macintosh Guide from the

Whenever you use Macintosh Guide, its window remains in front of otherwindows. If the window gets in your way, you can move it by dragging itstitle ba

Getting answers with the Topics button1In the Macintosh Guide window, click the Topics button.A list of general topic areas appears on the left side o

3Click the question “How do I set the time and date?” and then click OK. Or double-clickthe question.A small window appears with instructions for you

2Scroll through the alphabetical list until the term “background pattern” is visible.You can scroll through the list either by dragging the slider to

5 Read and follow the instructions in the window.Macintosh Guide provides step-by-step instructions to answer the questionyou selected. When you have

4Chapter 1Computer power cordMonitor cable(sometimes built into the monitor)KeyboardCommunication card access cover(already installed in your computer

3Type “trash” in the text box, then click Search.When you click Search, a list of phrases and questions related to the word orphrase you typed appears

41Getting HelpTips for using Macintosh GuideHere are a few tips for using Macintosh Guide effectively:m Macintosh Guide is available only when you are

Identifying what’s on your computer screenSometimes you’ll see an unfamiliar item on the screen and ask yourself,“What’s that?” You can get an answer

Learning useful shortcutsYou can perform many tasks in the Finder more quickly if you use keyboardor mouse shortcuts. For example, instead of clicking

3 Read about the shortcuts available for the category you selected.Click the right arrow in the lower-right corner of the window to see the nextwindow

45The illustration on the next page shows the basic computer system you nowhave. You can expand your computer system by connecting additionalhardware

46Chapter 3MouseKeyboardCD-ROM driveMonitorInternal harddisk driveSpeakerFloppy disk driveComputerICπCD-ROM driveOpen/Close buttonPower keyUse this ke

47Connecting Equipment and Expanding Your ComputerCommunication Contains an optional communication card (such as an internal card slot (optional) mode

Connecting audio equipmentYour Macintosh can play and record stereo sound from a variety of sources.By connecting audio equipment to the sound input a

The computer’s sound input port (≈) accepts the 3.5-mm audio connectorsshown below. The sound output port (-) (where you might connect externalspeaker

When you are ready to begin, follow these steps:1Make sure the voltage switch on the back of the computer is set for the kind of voltagesystem to whic

Follow these general instructions when connecting audio equipment tothe Macintosh:1Make sure that the audio equipment has a cable with a stereo minipl

Adjusting volume and soundThere are several ways to adjust the volume on your computer:m Use the volume controls on the front of your monitor if your

Tip: You may prefer to set the Sound Out Level slider to about the middle ofthe slider bar. This way, when you adjust the volume later in other ways—t

3Place the microphone at the top center of the monitor, with the microphone’s Apple (K)icon facing you.If you can’t place the microphone on top of the

6Click the Sound Input pop-up menu and choose External Microphone.7Click the close box in the upper-left corner of the Monitors & Sound control pa

Using your monitor’s built-in microphoneIf your monitor has a built-in microphone and you want to use it to record,follow these steps:1 Open the Monit

Connecting external stereo speakersYou can take advantage of your computer’s stereo sound output by attachingexternally powered (amplified) speakers.1

5 Turn on the computer.Now you’re ready to hear full-range stereo sound coming from the speakers.To adjust the overall volume, use the Monitors &

IMPORTANTThe material that follows—“Before You Connect a Device”and “Connecting a SCSI Device”—contains general instructions for attachingSCSI devices

If the device is not the first one, use a SCSI peripheral interface cable toconnect it to the last device in the chain:IMPORTANTThe total length of th

Voltages for different locationsCountry Single voltageJapan 100South Korea 100/220Jamaica, Taiwan 110Peru 110/220Brazil, Lebanon 110–220Philippines 11

Connecting a SCSI deviceUse these general instructions in conjunction with the instructions that camewith your SCSI device:1 Turn off your Macintosh.2

Replacing internal storage devicesYour Macintosh comes with three internal storage devices—a floppy diskdrive, a CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory

63Your computer has several application programs already installed. Some ofthese applications arem AppleScript, which allows you to automate any actio

You may want to experiment with AppleScript, one of the applications onyour hard disk. With AppleScript you can automate tasks in the Finder andother

Installing application programsYo u ’ ll probably want to buy and install additional application programs. Seethe manuals you receive with your applic

Working with several applications at a timeYou can open as many application programs and documents as yourcomputer’s memory allows.Finding out which a

Hiding and showing windows on the desktopYou can hide all windows except those of the active application by choosingHide Others from the Application m

IMPORTANTThe RAM disk is a portion of your computer’s random-accessmemory that you can set aside to store programs and other files temporarily.If you

6Choose Custom Remove from the pop-up menu.The Custom Remove dialog box appears, listing the software components thatcan be removed.7Scroll through th

3Plug the other end of the power cord into a three-hole grounded outlet or power strip.Choose a power outlet to which you have easy access.IMPORTANTBe

In general, any group of computers set up to communicate with each otherconstitutes a network. Some networks feature computers connected by aparticula

72Chapter 5Your computer can be connected to several kinds of networks, includingthe following:mLocalTalkTo connect to a LocalTalk network, you conne

73Connecting Your Computer to a NetworkConnecting to a LocalTalk NetworkTo connect your Macintosh to a LocalTalk network, you need LocalTalkcables and

If you connect to the last computer in the network, you need to attach anetwork terminator to your LocalTalk adapter.Use the LocalTalk cable that come

75Connecting Your Computer to a NetworkConnecting to an Ethernet networkEthernet is a cable scheme that lets your computer communicate with othercompu

Network typeFind out what kind of network you will be connecting to. Depending on thekind of network, you choose among several different kinds of card

To connect your Macintosh to a twisted-pair Ethernet network, follow theseinstructions:1Shut down your computer.2Plug one end of the twisted-pair patc

Connecting to a thin coaxial Ethernet networkFollow this procedure to connect your Macintosh to an Ethernet network thatuses thin coaxial cable. The h

4Plug the T-connector into the thin coaxial (10Base-2) port on the Ethernet card in your Macintosh.IMPORTANTA thin coaxial network must be terminated

Connecting a monitorYou can connect many types of monitors to your Macintosh. To connect amonitor from a manufacturer other than Apple, refer to the i

3Plug the transceiver cable from the Ethernet transceiver into the standard AUI port onthe Apple Ethernet AUI Adapter.4Plug the adapter’s power cord i

Configuring your network connectionAfter you physically connect your computer to a LocalTalk or Ethernetnetwork, you need to configure your network co

To configure your AppleTalk network connection, follow these steps:1Choose Control Panels from the Apple menu.2Double-click the AppleTalk icon to open

If you have changed the port, a message tells you that the change willinterrupt any AppleTalk services that are established. This means that yournetwo

To set up your TCP/IP network connection, you must specify the port you useto connect your computer to the network. TCP/IP networks also requireinform

Note: If you don’t see the pop-up menu or other settings described in thissection, the TCP/IP configuration may have been locked. Contact yournetwork

m If you are using a MacIP server, click Select Zone. In the dialog box thatappears, choose the zone that contains the MacIP server you want to useand

IIpartChapter 6 Troubleshooting

89When you have questionsIf you want to know how to do a particular task with your computer, referto Macintosh Guide in the Guide (h) menu. For instru

2Connect the monitor power cord to the monitor.On some monitors, the cord is already attached.3Plug in the monitor power cord.Be sure to plug the powe

If you are unable to access Macintosh Guide (for example, if your screen is “frozen”), refer to this chapter to see if you can resolve the problem.Not

Start overOften you can eliminate a problem simply by clearing the computer’s memoryand starting over.If you can, save any open documents before resta

Rebuild your desktopA process known as “rebuilding the desktop” helps your Macintosh keeptrack of data on your startup disks. (Although you usually us

8 Open the Extensions Manager control panel by choosing Control Panels from the Apple (K) menu. When the Control Panels window appears, double-click t

The computer does not start up from the hard disk.Try the following:m Use the Drive Setup program to make the disk available. Drive Setup islocated in

When you start up, a disk icon with a blinking question mark appears in the middle of the screen for more than several seconds.This icon indicates tha

When you try to start up from a floppy disk, a disk icon with an X appears in the middleof the screen and the floppy disk is ejected.This icon indicat

The hard disk icon does not appear on the desktop.If you don’t see a hard disk icon on the desktop, try the following:m Use the Drive Setup program to

You cannot mount the Mac OS–, DOS-, or ProDOS-format partitions of an external SCSIhard disk or a removable media cartridge as individual volumes on t

If you are trying unsuccessfully to use a floppy disk created in a PC (personalcomputer), DOS (Disk Operating System), or Windows environment, conside