The Apple Computer is a complete micro-
'~,ocessor system, consisting of a Mos Technology
2
microprocessor and support hardware, in-
Jral video display electronics, dynamic memory
and refresh hardware, and fully regulated power
supplies. It contains resident system monitor
software, enabling the user, via the keyboard
and display, to write, examine, debug, and run
programs efficiently; thus being an educational
tool for the learning of microprocessor program-
ming, and an aid in the development of software.
The integral video display section and the
keyboard interface renders unnecessary the need
for an external teletype. The display section con-
tains its ownmemory, leaving all of RAM for user
programs, and the outputformat is 40 characters/
line, 24 lines /page, with auto scrolling. Almost
any ASCII encoded keyboard will interface directly
with the Apple system.
The board has sockets for upto 8K bytes
of the 16 pin, 4K type, RAM, and the system is
fully expandable to 65K via the edge connector.
The system uses dynamic memory (4K bytes
sup-
plied), although static memory may also be used.
All refreshing of dynamic memory,' including all
"
off
-
board" expansion memory, is done auto-
matically. The entire system timing, including
the microprocessor
clock and all video signals,
originates in a single crystal oscillator.
Further, the printed circuit board contains
a "breadboard area", in which the user can add
additional
"
on
-
board
"
hardware
(
for example,
extra PIAfs, ACIAfs, EROMfs, and so on).
This manual is divided into three Sections:
Section
I
GETTING THE SYSTEM RUNNING.
Section I1 USING THE SYSTEM MONITOR.
(listing included)
Section I11 EXPANDING THE SYSTEM.
Please readsection I thoroughly, before at-
tempting to "power-up" your system, and study
Section
I11
carefully before attempting to expand
your system. In addition to this manual, Apple
"Tech Notes" are available which contain exam-
ple s of expansion hardware and technique s.
*
SECTION
I
GETTING THE SYSTEM RUNNING
The Apple Computer is fully assembled,
tested, and burned in. The only external devices
necessary for operation of the system are: An
ASCII encoded keyboard, a video display monitor,
and AC power sources of 8 to 10 Volts (RMS)
@3
amps and 28Volts (RMS)
@1
amp. The following three
articles describe the attachment of these devices
in detail.
Keyboard:
Any ASCII encoded keyboard, with positive
DATA outputs, interfaces directly with the Apple
system via a "DIP" connector.
If
your keyboard
has negative logic DATA outputs (rare), you can
install inverters (7404) in the breadboard area.
The strobe can be either positive or negative, of
long or short duration. The "DIP" keyboard con-
nector (B4) has inputs for seven DATA lines, one
1
87
ST ROBE line, and two normally-open pushbutton
switches, used for RESET (enter monitor), and
CLEAR SCREEN (see schematic diagram, sheet
3
of
3,
for exact circuitry). This keyboard con-
nector also supplies three voltages, (+5V, +12V,
and-12V) of which one or more may be necessary
to operate the keyboard. Pin 15 of the keyboard
connector (B4) must be tied to +5V (pin 16) for
normal operation.
NOTE: The system monitor accepts only upper-
case alpha (A-F,
R).
It is therefore convenient, though it's not
essential, tohave a keyboard equipped with upper-
casealphalock
(usuallyintheelectronics).
Either
of the following suggested circuits may be used
to provide alpha lock capability, if needed, and
can be built in the breadboard area.
Bp-wB6
Vcc(+S)
13
TO KBD
FROM
l5
00
KBD
14
CONNECTOR
184)
(10 Seiten)
(20 Seiten)
(23 Seiten)
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